Three-State Subset Count with Bold Elements
Erica is constructing a subset $S$ of $[n] = \{1, 2, \ldots, n\}$. For any element $x \in [n]$, she has three options:
- Exclude $x$ from $S$
- Include $x$ in $S$ (confident)
- Include $x$ in $S$ but boldface it (uncertain)
An element may appear at most once in $S$, so the set $\{1, 2, \mathbf{2}, 4\}$ is invalid. For example, $\{1, 2\}$, $\{1, \mathbf{3}, 4\}$, and $\{\mathbf{1}, \mathbf{2}, \mathbf{3}, \mathbf{4}\}$ are all valid.
How many valid subsets $S$ can Erica construct when $n = 5$?
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